Containerization with Docker and Kubernetes involves distinct yet complementary roles in modern application deployment. Docker and Containerization: Docker is a platform for building, packaging, and running applications in isolated environments called containers. Containers encapsulate an application and all its dependencies (code, runtime, system tools, libraries) into a single, portable unit. This ensures that the application runs consistently across different environments, eliminating "it works on my machine" issues. Docker Images: These are read-only templates containing the application and its dependencies, used to create containers. Docker Containers: These are runnable instances of a Docker image, providing an isolated environment for the application. Docker Engine: The runtime that builds, runs, and manages Docker containers. Kubernetes and Container Orchestration: Kubernetes is a container orchestration platform designed to automate the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications, particularly in large-scale, distributed environments. While Docker focuses on individual containers, Kubernetes manages clusters of containers across multiple hosts. Orchestration: Kubernetes automates tasks like deploying containers, scaling applications up or down based on demand, managing networking between containers, and ensuring high availability by replacing failed containers. Cluster Management: It manages a cluster of nodes (physical or virtual machines) where containers are deployed, allocating resources and scheduling container placement. Self-Healing: Kubernetes can automatically detect and recover from container failures, ensuring application uptime. How They Work Together: Docker is commonly used to create and package applications into containers, forming the foundation for deployment. Kubernetes then takes these Docker-built containers and orchestrates their deployment and management across a cluster. Essentially, Docker provides the building blocks (containers), and Kubernetes provides the framework for managing and scaling those blocks in a production environment